Document Type

Article

Publication Date

Spring 4-24-2026

Abstract

This paper explores the ethical dilemma faced by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in the Appalachian region regarding the right of overdose patients to refuse transport after receiving Naloxone (Narcan). While current law often allows patients who regain consciousness to refuse further care, this treat and release cycle creates significant risks for the patient and a heavy burden on the community. Using the course text by Stanwick and Stanwick (2017), this analysis applies Utilitarianism, Contractarianism, and Existentialism to evaluate the situation. This paper argues that mandatory transport is necessary due to the medical impairment caused by overdose and the social contract between healthcare providers and the community. The results suggest that prioritizing long-term safety and resource efficiency outweighs temporary individual autonomy in life-threatening medical crises.

Course Level

BUMG 3310: Business Ethics

Advisor

Claudia Hanrahan, PhD

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